Chroma key and effects Guide Assessment (3C-3)

How to use Chroma key and Effects

Chroma key and Green screen

what is chroma key? and how to use it in music videos

Chroma key is a video technique that is used with green screen and blue screen technology. It works by placing the subject of a video onto another background. This is done by placing a subject in front of a green screen and recording them. In the editing process, a Chroma "Keying" or "Keyer" effect is then placed on the video. A Chroma Keying is the process of removing a specific colour component  (chroma) from the video footage and replacing it (key) with a different element/component. This is the way, in which video producers and editors remove one background and replace it with another. In a way, Chroma key and green screen technology works in the same way in which colour graphic editors work.

 Unlike other bright colours, neither Blue or Green are found within any skin tone colour, this is very important. To create a effective Chroma Keying effect, The colour and tone of the subject has to be separated  from the background that is going to be replaced and keyed. This means that the two colours cannot mix. Both blue and green do not blend with any skin tone,Therefore, there is no chance of the background mixing with the skin tone of the subject. However, If the two colours did mix, the subject's skin would be partly covered by the keyed background, as the video editing software would not be able to distinguish clearly between what to keep and what to remove.

 Another way of creating a effective chroma key effect is lighting. Powerful lights are needed to increase the intensity of the backdrop (green screen)  to give a strong consistent colour to work with. Those lights however can make the subject look very dark in comparison to the background, so soft lighting that is aimed towards the subject is needed to deal with this. More lights are then needed to soften the hard edges or hotspots created by the other lighting. Hotspots are shadows that are created by lights that intersect each other. If the subject of the video and the green screen is lit correctly, it will result in a successful chroma key effect. It is more effective to use Green screen,rather than Blue screen to create a Chroma key effect. This is because green screen is less likely to blend in with the foreground.

When shooting footage for chroma keying for music video production, it is important that the artist is in the center and at a equal distance from the camera and the green screen. This allows for less hotspots to show on the green screen. As mentioned before, it is also important to light both the artist and the green screen correctly. This is done by using external lights with soft filters. The filters help lessen the power and intensity of the lights. 

Too much light can create hotspots, which could become problematic when applying the chroma key. 3 lights should be used to light both the artist and the green screen. One light should be placed in front of the artist, the other two should be placed on the left and the right of the artist and green screen. Proper lighting is crucial when it comes to applying chroma key filters. It is important to make sure that the artist does not move away from the green screen.This could ruin the entire shoot. Once the lighting and the positioning of the artist is done, the performance can be filmed. It is useful for the artist to memorize the lyrics of the songs, so that it is easier to lip sync. Once the performance has been recorded, it can be imported into video editing software (Final cut pro, premiere pro) 

Before the footage is imported, a new event and project should.be created. Once this is done, the footage can be edited. Chroma key and effects can be added onto the video by clicking on the "effects" icon in the bottom right corner. To add the chroma key, click on "keying" and select "keyer". This is the default, chroma key. Drag the "keyer" effect onto the recorded footage. The keyer effect should have automatically gotten rid of the green screen in the background and replaced it with a black background. Now that the green colour has been removed from the video, you can now add pictures and videos into the background of the recorded footage of the artist. The background images or videos need to be placed at the bottom of the main video  (green screen footage) on the project timeline. This will trigger the chroma key/keyer effect. Effects such as  blurs and RBG splits can be added to both the background video and the main footage. This can make the music video look realistic and professional. 

Chroma keying and effects in music videos

Chroma key is used in a lot of music videos. There are various reasons why music videos continue to use the chroma key effect. One reason the effect is used in music videos is to create hyperealism. Music Artists often use the effect to create a hypereal in-concert experience. This is done to get fans to go to the actual live concert. As mentioned before, a lot of music videos utilize chroma key effects. Music videos also tend to use visual effects as well. Using Effects is a effective way of creating a visual representation of a song for a music video.  Using Visual effects is a impactful way of letting the artist express their song's meaning. It allows the artist to express their creativity. Generally, effects make music videos look creative and aesthetically pleasing. In some music videos, Both Chroma key and visual effects are combined and used to create hyperreality and to reinforce or create a star image for the artist. For example, a music video may use chroma key to transport the artist to a different location. An effect might also be added to create a weather change or make the artist look superior by making he/she stand out more. Chroma key can also be used to represent emotions,mood and put focus on the artist, particularly in performance music videos. For example, the song of the music video might portray the artist as being isolated or lonely, which would suggest that the chroma key background would be a location that displays this.


The music videos below are examples of videos that use chroma key and effects.




Labrinth- Last time

Comparing Positives and Negatives

This music video effectively uses chroma key and effects to create a visual representation of the lyrics. One example of this is during the performance parts of the video, where the artist is lip syncing. Chroma key is used here to create the illusion that the artist is in a surreal world. This is one of the main reason why chroma key and effects were used to create this music video. Another reason chroma key was used in this music video was to strengthen the hyper realism. The use of chroma key makes the audience believe that the artist is really in another world. In terms of Goodwin's theory on relationship between lyrics and visuals, this video illustrates and amplifies the lyrics of the song. For example, in the video when the artist says "We're on a journey around the world", the video cuts to to giant 3D holographic globe. The video also shows lots of worldwide landmarks such as the Eiffel tower. Effects such as 3D rendering (CGI), lens flares and motion tracking are used in this video. 

Overall, this music video successfully uses chroma key and effects. However, there are parts of the video that use chroma key and effects poorly. For example, towards the end of the video, chroma key is used to isolate and create a dark background around the artist. When this is done, the quality of the shot is poor and it makes the video look fake. Chroma keying is also overused in this video. Even though the principal of hyper realism is to create a fake simulation and illusion, it is important to make the video look as real and genuine as possible. The aim of the video is to make the audience believe that the artist is truly in another world.  Overusing chroma key and effects can suddenly make the audience aware that the concept of the video is fake.

Kanye West- Bound 2

Comparing Positives and negatives

This music video uses chroma key in a similar way to the first music video. It is used  to change the location in which the artist is in. It is also used to put focus on the artist himself. It can be argued that this was the main purpose of using chroma key in this particular music video. The fact that the whole video is heavily based on chroma key and effects proves this. In the music video, Kanye is riding a motorcycle with his wife across a Western American landscape. It is quite obvious to audience that green screen technology and chroma key was used to create this video. It is for this reason that this video's use of chroma key turned out to be unsuccessful. The backdrops used in the video do not blend in with the original footage of the artist lip syncing. In fact, it only further highlights the fact that chroma key has been overused in the video.

 However, If we take into consideration Goodwin's theory about the relationship between music/lyrics to visuals, It can be argued that the excess use of chroma key in this video was used for a intertextuality purpose,rather than for an aesthetic effect. This means that the use of chroma key in this video creates meaning and subtext. The relationship between the music and visuals is also emphasized. One example of this is at the beginning of the video. At the beginning of the video (0:12) images of horses can be seen. In Western America, Horses often symbolise freedom. The fact that the horses are in the grand canyon also reinforces this. Another symbol of freedom is also used at the very beginning of the video. At 0:08, a black eagle can be seen flying into the sunset. In America, White eagles represent freedom and patriotism. The fact that the video uses a black eagle, connotes the fact that Kanye, the artist, is a black man who is free in America. The black eagle has been purposely used to create this idea. In this sense, this music video uses chroma key and effects successfully.

Katy Perry- E.T (Featuring Kanye West)

This music video is an example of how chroma key has been used effectively. This is because it looks appealing and it captivates the audience. It is also linked appropriately to the theme and genre of the song. For example, chroma key is used to show the audience that the events in the video, are taking place in a different world. A world which includes aliens and other creatures that are not human. The lyrics of the song and the name, also suggests this. Chroma key can be used to manipulate the concept of space and time. For example in this video, the two artists are floating in space. The concept of this music video can also be linked with Goodwin's theory about the relationship between lyrics and visuals. In this video,the lyrics of the song are visually represented. One example of this is when the artist says "You're so hypnotising" (1:05). Chroma key and effects are used to show the artist as being "hypnotising" and captivating. The song used in the actual music video, creates a "sci-fi" feel, which reinforces the theme,concept and meaning of the music video. This is another way, in which this video can be linked to Goodwin's theory. Effects such as CGI animation and lens flares are used to further reinforce the idea that the video is taking the audience to a different world. 

Guide on Camera Angles and Movements 3C

Camera Angles and Movements

Camera angles are used to position the audience so that they can understand the relationship between the artist and the song. Camera angles are very important for creating meaning in music videos as well as in other visual texts. Different Camera angles can enforce different types of notions. They can also create different types of meaning. Camera movement is similar to camera angles, in the fact, that they create meaning.  Camera Movement  is used to follow and trace the artist or band. Most music videos use  a variety of camera Shots, Angles and Movements to create different techniques and to make the video different and unique in its own way, to other music videos.


Tilt

A tilt  is when the lens of the camera is moved up or down while constantly keeping the camera horizontal. One of the  purposes of a tilt in music videos is to convey a sense of Voyeurism or to sexualise the artist. This is why tilts are often used in Pop and RnB music videos. For example, A tilt is used in  Usher- Burn and Katy Perry- California Gurls music video to sexualise the artist. Another reason a tilt might be used is to create a suitable composition that can work well in a frame or shot. A tilt can sometimes be used in Hip Hop Music videos to create a dramatic reveal of the artist or someone else who is significant in a music video. For example, in the video below, A tilt is used to introduce Travis Scott (The artist) to the audience in the beginning of the video. 
When using a tilt, it is important that the camera is placed in a steady position.The camera must be steady in order to create a smooth tilt movement.

(Katy Perry - California Gurls ft. Snoop Dogg)

(Usher-Burn)

(Travis Scott Upper Echelon)






Arc

An arc is a camera movement which is similar to a tilt. An Arc movement is when  the camera moves from left to right in an 'arc' position e.g. similar to a semi-circle. This type of movement/shot combines aspects of a tracking and dolly shot at the same time. This means that it is a simultaneous movement in which the camera is moved from side to side and in and out. A arc camera movement can be used to show off the location of a music video. The purpose of an arc shot is to add a level of drama to a music video or to show a lack of control. The music video below is an example of an Arc.  An arc is used in this video where the artist is rapping in front of the camera. It was used in this music video to show the the artist's location and where the artist is performing. This is very effective because it allows the audience to know what it going on while the artist is performing. It also adds creativity to the video.

(Logic- Super Mario World)





Track away

A track away is a camera movement in which the camera moves away from the artist or something else on screen. The purpose of a tracking away shot and movement is to show Power and control within the artist. This movement makes the artist look intimidating to the audience. Track away shots are often used in music videos to put the main focus on the artist and what he/she is doing in the video. The video below is an example of this.

(Retro Spectro- S.T.A.N)








Dolly in/Tracking


This is were the camera is mounted on a cart which travels along tracks for a very smooth movement. Also known as tracking. The purpose of a dolly movement is to show intimidation and suspense. This is because the camera gets closer into the action. Because of this, the composition sets a mood or effect for the audience making them feel engaged. Music videos can sometimes use Dolly and Tracking shots to create intensity, depending on the genre and type of music video. This is especially true for Rock and Hip Hop music videos. This is effective because it allows the audience to know where to look. 

This music video uses Dolly in and Tracking shots to create intensity. These types of movement and shots fitnwith the pace of the music. The way that dolly and tracking shots are used is different compared to a hip-hop music video, where these types of movements might be used to make the artist appear more  intimidating. 

(Foo Fighters-  The Pretender)

Low Angle

A Low Angle is the opposite of a high angle. This is were the camera is placed below the artist and the artist is shown from below. The purpose of low angles in music videos is to make the artist look powerful and dominant.It gives the artist a sense of control and intimidation. One example of a low angle being used is Jay Z and Kanye West Otis. 
As you can see, The camera has been placed below both jay z and Kanye West to make them appear intimidating. Low angles are typically used in Hip Hop music videos, but are used in other genres of music videos such as Rock. Low angles are particularly used in Hip Hop videos to make audience believe that the artist has a high status. Status is very important in the world of hip hop, so in order for a hip hop artist to create a recognizable star image, their music video must convey the fact that they are higher than everyone else. This creates inspiration for fans.

High Angle

This is were the camera shows the artist from above, and the camera is angled down towards the artist, which has the effect of making them appear less powerful, less significant and submissive. As mentioned before, High angles are often used to portrayal the aritst or people on screen as weak and insignificant. For example, the first video below, uses a high angle to show Rihanna in a powerless state.  High Angles are often used in Pop narrative music videos to show the artist in a vulnerable stage in their life. 

(Rihanna- Stay)




Canted or Dutch Angle

A Dutch angle also known as a canted angle,is when the camera is purposely tilted to one side so that the camera is on an angle, this is creative in making interesting dramatic effects. The purpose of a dutch angle is to make the artist or character look unstable and in distress. A dutch angle can also represent a power struggle between two characters or the artist. Dutch angles are popular in MTV style productions,where unusual angles and lots of camera movement play a big part. A canted tilt is used to make the video look aesthetically pleasing. 



Birds eye view

this angle is showing the artist and scene from directly above. This is completely different and can be from an unnatural point of view which can be used to add a dramatic effect or showing a different perspective of an area. It can also show the positions and motions of the artist, characters or objects, enabling the audience to see things the artist or character in the video might not see. The purpose of a birds eye view shot is to allow the audience to see the location of the music video. The music video below uses Birds eye view.

(Wiz Khalifa ft Charlie Puth- See You Again)

Pan

This is were the camera scans a scene horizontally. The camera is placed on a tripod, which operates as a stationary axis point as the camera is turned, often to follow a moving object which is kept in the middle of the frame. Panning is often used in music videos to create a cinematic effect. The music video below is an example of this. 

(Wiz Khalifa ft Charlie Puth- See You Again)

Handheld

A handheld movement is when the camera is held by the camera operator  rather than being placed on a tripod. Handheld camera movements are used in music videos to create realism and to show that the artist is unstable. The camera movement creates the image of the artist being in an emotional state. This is why handheld movements are sometimes used  to show vulnerability or loneliness in a music video. The videos below are examples of handheld camera movement.

(Retro Spectro- Outta Control)

(Nebu Kiniza- Gassed Up)

Guide on beat editing, Lip syncing and Cutting to the beat (3B 1 & C1)

How to Beat Edit, Lip- Sync and Cut to the beat

Cutting to the Beat & Beat Editing 

cutting to the beat is when different camera shots are cutting to the beat of the song in the  music video. Cutting to the beat and beat editing is often used to put emphasis on the song  of the music video. Cutting to the beat reflects the beat and the visuals of the video. these  editing techniques make the music video more interesting to watch. This is the main purpose of cutting to the beat and beat editing. The music videos below are examples of videos that use beat-editing and cutting to the beat.

In this music video, I used cutting to the beat At 0:12-0:20. The use of cutting to the beat in this music video is limited. This is because the video itself does not use a range of shots. I didn't shoot a lot of footage to use for the video, which meant my use of cutting to the beat was limited. Cutting to the beat and beat editing is mostly effective when there are a selection/Variety of shots to use. The fact that this video lacked a variety of shots meant that it could not effectively display these editing techniques. The genre of the song and music video can sometimes influence the way in which the video cuts to the beat. when a video cuts to the beat, it often relates to the lyrics that is being heard in the song. For example, a video might cut  from one scene to another which is in time with the actual beat of the song. The genre of the song for this video is Hip Hop. It is easier to cut to the beat of hip hop songs.  Because of this, I was able to cut to the beat of the song for this video.





Summer practical (Music Video)

Lip Syncing -

Lip syncing is an Essentially technique used in music video. It is used to sell the artist/talent and to help create a "in-concert" experience. In this music video, I was only able to sync the first part of the video with the track (first Chrous). This was because some of the footage I had shot, did not match and sync up with the song. Some of the lip syncing was out of time.


"Turn Down for what" Music video 

Cutting to the Beat & Beat Editing 

Effects and Syncing  (Transform and transition effects)

Before i begun editing, i imported the footage and main track. I then arranged the footage and Master Audio (Track).  I did this by moving the master audio track and putting it as the "main storyline".  I Chose the clips and placed them on top of the master audio. This is an essential step. It is important that the footage and music are synced correctly. This is because beat editing is most effective when the footage on screen matches certain parts of the song. Clips that are out of time with the music track won't be as effective. The best way to sync clips correctly is to feel the music.It is important to understand when a cut needs to be made.Get a general sense of when a clip needs to be altered to match the beat of the song. 

After syncing both the footage and master track, i placed markers on the master track. I did this to mark out parts of the song i wanted to beat editing to. It is important to mark key points in the song, so that you know which clips go where.  I also used the snapping feature. This feature  automatically aligns the key points of a clip and audio. The last thing i did was adjust the gain slider for the master track. The "gain" slider can be used to change the gain setting on a selected clip or audio track. In this music video I used both cutting to the beat and beat editing. When using editing techniques such as "cutting to the beat" and "beat editing", it is useful to add visual effects and transitions. 

It is also effective to alter the gain of the audio track. For example, in the video below i used the "earthquake" effect. This is something that is commonly used in modern music videos, particularly hip hop videos. The music video "Flo Rida- "GDFR"  is an example of this. I used the "earthquake" effect in my video to create a visual representation of the beat and "beat drops" in the song. 

(Flo Rida - GDFR ft. Sage The Gemini and Lookas)

I also used the transform feature. the transform feature allows you to alter (Crop, Scale and rotate) the video. I edited the scale of the video and added a "zoom" effect/transition.  I did this to create the illusion of the video shaking. Doing this, gives the video a sense of realism and makes the audience feel like they can see and feel the beat of the song. Because of this, the video was able to look like the scenes were cut in time to the beat,which was what i was aiming to the do.I also changed  the aspect ratio of the video to widescreen. This gives the video a more cinematic look.In certain parts of the video, I used transition effects such as pan and zoom. I added key-frame markers to mark the parts of the song and video that I would add the effects to. I was able to accurately cut to the beat and beat edit to the track.

Jump cuts and Snapping

In the video, when cutting to the beat, i added jump cut. A jump cut is  a transition between two shots which appears to "jump" because of the way the shots are framed in relation to each other. Jump cuts are usually caused by framing. I used a jump cut, each time there was a prominent beat in the song. The "Snapping tool/feature"  and Zoom in effect can also  be used to make jump cuts more effective.  The more subtle the zoom in, the less obvious the jump cut will be. The purpose of using jump cuts is so that the music video looks like it has been edited to the beat of the song. Jump cutting is only effective when it is combined with beat editing and cutting to the beat. Another purpose of Jump cutting is that the audience can reflect on the pace as well as the feel of the song. I added jump cuts in the video because i thought that it reflected the energetic pace of the song. It makes the video look somewhat aesthetically pleasing. 

Success and Improvements

In my beat edit i think that the jump cut technique was successful in terms of the way the shots moved together e.g. not too big of a shot then jump to a smaller shot which would have made it look uneven. However to improve i think I could have used more shots as the shot in the beginning of the main dancer was shot to long. This made it difficult for me as I could not do much with the shot or overdue it to make it look non-appealing.

Prep work 17/10/16

How to make a music video




Syncing multiple angles


Auto sync feature: selecting two clips and left clicking them, allows you to use the auto sync feature. This feature aligns the clips based on their waveforms. Auto sync can create a few problems. For example, sometimes the feature does not line up the clips well. Manuel syncing is the preferred option.


Manuel syncing:  Grab the master audio track and put it as the "main storyline". Choose the clips and arrange them (on top of the master audio) based on their audio. The "gain" slider can be used to change the gain setting on a selected clip. Use this setting to lower the gain for a clip, so that the master audio can be heard clearly. It is important to mark key points in the song, so that you know which clips go where. "snapping" automatically aligns the key points of a clip and audio. The snapping feature can be enabled by Choosing  View > Snapping (or press N). A checkmark will indicate that snapping is on. You can press N to turn snapping on or off while you're dragging a clip.

Once all the clips have been aligned, play the whole video through and look for parts that need to be edited. Hover over the clips, to see which ones you want to edit. Command + V can be used to split the clip at the play-head. Press N to turn on snapping for the clip. and press alt to isolate the clip for editing. Not selecting a clip you want to split, automatically splits the main story-line clip or audio by default. So it is important to choose a clip. The best way to sync clips correctly is to feel the music.Try to understand when a cut needs to be made.Get a general sense of when a clip needs to be altered to match the beat of the song. Show your edit to people to get an opinion. Watch your edit over and over again, and make changes until you are satisfied. Make sure the audio and clips are in-sync before cutting together the music video. 


Style 
Music videos use a wide range of styles of film making techniques for example animation and documentaries from different genres and artists . Every genre has their own style in music videos. I will explain this through my example.
Cutting to the beat 
Narrative

Pop
Most pop music videos are the same but the style coming from the artist(s) are very different for example in Katy Perry's firework when you see fireworks bursting from some young people throughout the video, that means they overcome their fears and insecurites (you can also tell by their facial expressions and body language). At the end of the video Perry is dancing with every young person with fireworks bursting from them. Most pop music videos have a message for the audience (mostly for children). Every music video from this genre are the same but they have a different message from different artist's. 
Techniques
There are many techniques used in music videos today to help promote the artists music. By looking at the techniques in the artists music videos we can tell which techniques the artist is going to used in his/her future music videos.

-Some of the techniques that are used are:
-Effects
-Miming & Lip- Syncing
-Cutting to the beat

Animation style are also used in music videos. An example of an artist that uses animation in music videos is Kanye West's music video "Good morning". The video takes place within a futuristic city, whose inhabitants are creatures. The protagoinist of the video is a bear, the story shows the bear trying to reach his college campus in time for his graduation ceremony but to do that he must overcome various obstacles and avoid danger along the way. 

The animation style in the music video is based around children but the plot in it is aimed at teenagers/university students because the video is about graduation. 
Music videos have different conventions depending on the genres the song is in. Genre's such as Hip-Hop has a different convention compared to RnB for example RnB music videos show bright colours and a lot of choreography (It's almost like a party). Most RnB music videos are usually very sexual for example the male artist can be topless or the way the female artist moves her body (no matter what she wears, it connotes that sense of sexuality.

An example of a RnB video is Rihanna "Rude boy". To connote, in this music video the artist is shown wearing a variety of outfits throughout. With the use of green screen there a lot of colours throught the video. The props used in the video include a stuffed lion, motorcycle, a zebra and a extra male. The main instrument that was shown in the video are the drumn kit. What's differnece between this video and the other RnB music video is that rihanna is using the studio to record her music video by performing in front of the green screen to add the special effect in it. 

Effects

Lip-Syncing

Cutting the beat involves music and music video. In a music video you notice the scene cuts to a different scene on a certain beat. The scenes in a music video change depending on the production of a song. This techniques is commonly used in the music industry 
Most artists usually lip-synch to their songs in their music videos. If the artist's lips in a music video move's faster than their track slow-motion is highly recommended so the artist's lip-synching can look very accurate.
 
Effects can make music video look very creative. There are many way's to add effects in music videos for example. the green screen, you can change the background from the green screen you can either choose a colour or location. Another example of adding effects to a music video are video editing softwares e.g. final cut pro and iMovie.
By looking at all three of these things that are used in music videos they show me how these are used to make a music video successful. 

Techniques: The techniques are used to entertain the audience and to keep them fascinated to the music videos 

Styles: The styles that are used in music videos such as narrative are there to show the audience what the artist is like and what experience the person has as an artist
Conventions: The Conventions in a music video shows the audience what the artist want In his/her music video and for example camera shots, location and mise-en-scene



Lighting 

Back lights are often used in music videos. The lights should be set up behind the artist. 

Post modern styles

PASTICHE

A pastiche music video is a video that imitates or copies features such as techniques, themes and styles of another original music video. This music video is an example of a pastiche music video. This video is called "You Always find me". This video uses a 80s themed party, with retro clothing, in a modern environment. This video is made interesting as the two guys travel from kitchen to kitchen through cupboards, through fridges and using draws as a stairway up to the next kitchen. Also toward the end of the video the artists appear to be dancing on the kitchen ceiling. This also gives the video more appeal and makes it unique.

ANIMATION 


 Animated music videos are videos that are animated to tell a story. These types of videos can be CGI animated (Computer Generated Images) or 2D animated.  In most animated music videos,  footage is not used. The narrative for a animated music video can be linear or non- linear. The purpose of a animated music video  is to convey a special message. One example of an animated music video is "Rock Mafia- Fly or Die". This music video uses a combination of 2D and CGI animation to complement the song and tell a story. It does not use any actually real footage.

NARRATIVE

A narrative music video is a video that tells a story. The audience will often follow the story whilst listening to the song. The narrative can be linear or non- linear. The purpose of a narrative music video is to convey a message. Narrative music videos differ to interpretive music videos, in that the narrative does not need to follow the lyrics of the song. The music video below is an example of a narrative video.

(Calvin Harris- Bounce)

HYPER-REALITY (Surrealism)

 Videos that incorporate hyper- reality are videos that use unconventional images that the audience does not anticipate. These types of videos include the distortion and over exaggeration  of certain situations and notions. Hyper- realism is used in most music videos. The idea behind these videos is to immerse the viewers in a unrealistic world. Videos that use hyper- reality are often memorable to the audience. The video below is an example of a hyper-reality video.

PARODY

A parody music video is a video that is created with the intention to be humorous. This is often done by exaggerating features of the original video or changing features such as the lyrics. Parodies are often an imitative work and can be created to mock, comment on, or trivialize the original music video. The music video below,"DRAKE- HEADLINES parody" is an example of a parody music video. In this music video, the appearance of the original artist and the lyrics of the song are being mocked. in the video it clearly shows the lyrics at the bottom. The purpose of parody music videos is to create a comedic effect. Videos that include comedic and humorous aspects often go viral. This is one reason why some artists create parody music videos.

Performance 

A performance music video is a video that features the artist or group singing (lip syncing) The purpose of this kind of music video is to give the audience and fans a in-concert experience.Some artists use footage from their real live performance rather than a staged one. The Audience and fans  generally enjoy these music videos as they want to see the artist playing the song rather than just hearing it. One example of a performance music video is "The weeknd- losers".

Allusion 

An allusion is when references are used in a music video, such as when it refers to a person, place, an historic event that happened in the past or present. It could be fairly obvious or discreet but either way, many music videos feature allusions.


Homage 

Homage music videos are often created by artists, to pay respect to another artist, music video style or film and TV series that has influenced them. This reference can be noticed by the audience and can encourage them to engage with the original video. One music video that has homage elements is Michael Jackson's  Smooth Criminal. The music video pays homage to the costumes and scenery used in a scene in the film The Band Wagon  (Minnelli, 1953).


(Michael Jackson- Smooth Criminal)

(The Band Wagon film ,1953)

Another example, of a homage music video is logic- super Mario world. In this video, Logic pays tribute to Nintendo, Super Mario and Satoru Iwata, the creator of some of Nintendo's iconic video games.